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Events around the world 1860-69
CANADA
Canadian Confederation was the big news of the 1860s. In a series of conferences during 1864, the British colonies of the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island (with Newfoundland sending observers but not officially participating) create the "Seventy-Two Resolutions" to join in a Canadian Union with powers divided between the provincial governments and a central, federal government. Eventually the provinces sent delegates to London where they were instrumental in drafting the British North America Act which created the Dominion of Canada, was granted the approval of Queen Victoria. The Dominion took effect on July 1, 1867. John A. McDonald is the first Canadian Prime Minister.
MEXICO
The Second Mexican Empire came into being when Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph, younger brother of Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I, was placed on the throne of Mexico, with the backing of the French Army, on April 10, 1864. Though this government was not recognized by many of the world's nations - including the United States - the Confederate States did acknowledge Maximilan and established diplomatic relations. This difference led to the support of Republican leader Benito Juarez by the United States while the Confederacy's open support of Maximilian began a long history of US & CS involvement in Mexican affairs.
EUROPE
In the United Kingdom, the HMS Warrior, the world's first completely iron-hulled ocean-going battleship was launched in 1861. British and French forces assist in putting Maximilian I on the throne of Mexico in 1862-64. The UK fights the Maoris in New Zealand. In 1865 a rebellion in Jamaica is put down with 400 rebels being executed as a result. In 1866, a transatlantic cable was successfully installed following failures in 1857, 1858 and 1865 linking Ireland with Newfoundland. William Gladstone became Prime Minister in 1868.
In France, the French government of Napoleon III is active during the decade of the 1860s, intervening in Mexico and being the key instigator in the installation of Maximilian I as Emperor. French troops are present in Mexico from 1862 until the spring of 1866. The French are also active in the Far East, establishing Vietnam as a colony in 1863, intervening in Korea in 1866 and sending a military mission to Japan in 1867 (subsequently being sent packing by the Japanese in 1868). During the decade, relations between France and Prussia continue to degrade and by the end of the decade, war seems inevitable.
Elsewhere, Giuseppe Garibaldi is key in the unifaction of Italy in 1860. Wilhelm I becomes King of Prussia on the death of Friedrich Wilhelm IV in 1861. Russia eliminates serfdom (1861). Succession disputes in Schleswig-Holstein lead to war between Prussia and Austria on one side and Denmark on the other on February 1, 1864. Prussia and Austria win the war in October 1864. The International Red Cross is founded in Geneva, Switzerland in 1864. Queen Isabel II of Spain's aggressive stance towards the former Spanish colonies in South America leads to war between Spain and an alliance of Peru and Chile in 1864. The war ends in 1866 with the Spanish fleet departing for the Philippines. Isabel II is forced to abdicate in 1870. In 1867, Austria and Hungary are united as the Austro-Hungarian Empire under Emperor Franz Josef I. In 1867, Czar Alexander II of Russia attempts to sell Alaska to the United States, but the treaty fails to pass the Congress due to the cost, which although low ($7.2 million) is "too much in light of our financial obligations to the Confederate States," according to Senator John Sherman of Ohio.
SOUTH AMERICA
While Chile and Peru fought Spain, a Triple Alliance of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina against Paraguay. The War of the Triple Alliance started in 1864 and did not end until 1870. Paraguay was utterly defeated, with an appalling death toll and the war had major repercussions for the other combatants as well. Slavery ended in Brazil due to the war, Argentina took a major step towards becoming a major power in South America, and Uruguay's independence from Brazil was cemented. Cuba revolts against Spanish rule in 1868, starting a ten-year war which will cost 400,000 Cuban lives.
ASIA
The British and French win the Second Opium War in China in 1861. In 1867 Emperor Komei of Japan dies and is succeeded by Emperor Meiji, ending the Late Tokugawa shogunate.
AFRICA
Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros II executes 700 prisoners for asking for bread and water in 1868. He is later decisively defeated in battle by a combined British-Indian Army. In 1869 the Suez Canal opens for business in an elaborate ceremony.
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